Journal of Climate and Community Development
The Journal of Climate and Community Development (JOCCD) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international journal that includes empirical research, theoretical articles, case studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. It is approved by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and ranked in the Y-Category for 2024-2025. By keeping in view the mission of the Publisher, the Institute for Educating Environmental Resilience and Governance (IEERG), the JOCCD focuses on research topics, i.e., climate change and community resilience, climate impacts and food security, climate adaptation and sustainable development, technology and innovation in climate and community development, etc. For details, visit Aim & Scope The journal is multidisciplinary. We welcome submissions from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, including environmental science, sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies. Desk Review Time: 1 week (Average) Peer-review Process: 4 weeks (Average) Acceptance Rate: 48% Note: The Journal did not charge any submission fees to authors; however, it charges a minimal fee for processing and publication after acceptance of a paper. For detailed guidance, visit Author Guidelines
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATING ENVIRONMENT RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED]
Spatiotemporal Speciation of Micronutrients in Organic Compost and Their Efficacy in Enhancing Triticum aestivum L. Yield
This study explored the impact of organic compost sourced from a three-month aerobic decomposition of poultry manure, farmyard manure, and green manure on soil health and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Organic additives, featuring an EC of 2.2 dSm⁻¹ and a pH of 7.5, were applied to the soil with a benchmark pH of 8.06 and EC of 0.58 dSm⁻¹ to examine their potential to enrich micronutrient retention and soil structure. By using the A-B DTPA methodology, soil extraction and wet digestion for plant tissue analysis, the experiment emphasized the speciation and bioavailability of micronutrients. The findings imply that the application of 15 tha⁻¹ (T4) yielded the most notable improvements, followed in order by the 10t ha⁻¹ (T3) dosage; specifically, post-harvest(production) soil analysis in T4 revealed micronutrient proportions of 2.7, 0.55, and 2.81 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, Zn, and Fe, respectively. This nutrient supplementation resulted in appreciable enhanced agronomic productivity, including a 40% increase in total wheat output, an 18% increase in spike size, and a 14.2% rise in fresh biomass yield. Furthermore, plant tissue analytical assessment confirmed the improved uptake in T4, with Cu, Zn, and Fe concentration level reached up to 18.6, 79.3, and 33.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Numan Latif, Muhammad Usama Rafiq, Syed Mufeed Hadi Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanity redefined: Insights from Chinese philosophy and culture
The paper, will discuss how Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism can provide the alternative concept of the meaning of being human in the perspectives of relational ethics, natural harmony, and compassion. In fact, Chinese school of philosophical traditions expound further on a perception of humankind elicited through ethics, natural harmony and compassionate interdependence. Confucianism is the school of thought founded by Confucius which proudly underlines the idea of *Ren ( 仁 ) or benevolence, thus, trying its utmost to focus on morality and positive relations as the ways of achieving true human beings. The philosophy of Daoism, established by Laozi and Zhuangzi, supports an elusive ideal of Laozi, the way of no, known as, the state of inaction, which is named as the way to be in conformity with Dao (道). It is an opposition to Confucianism which demands active morality training and the opposite image that the world is disease free nature with limited interruptions. Having a profound impact on Chinese thinking, Buddhism views the human being differently, wherein the significance of humanity is reevaluated in the view of compassion and interrelatedness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Ali Shah, Muhammad Zeeshan Naseer, Amir Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change as a security threat: theoretical dilemmas and the limits of climate (in)action in the Anthropocene
The rising recognition that environmental degradation is no longer just about ecology; we are now seeing resource scarcity, loss of biodiversity, and ecological decline as important security problems, not just at the level of nation-states but also at other levels of society. As a result, over time, the climate-security linkage has emerged onto the main international debates concerning climate change. The emergence of the Anthropocene has challenged many of the underlying assumptions we had about how to control or predict climate change. This paper considers this by viewing the environment as a security object and exploring how different theoretical lens will shape how we respond to climate change. The paper analyses climate security through the prism of international regime theory, hegemonic stability theory, and securitization theory — all of which highlight specific tensions within these theoretical perspectives. Although these theoretical frameworks give political weight and urgency to climate issues, they also have the potential to sideline underlying structural drivers of climate issues and to promote state-centrist responses to climate issues. Ironically, as a result of this, despite increased focus on climate issues, many of our existing mechanisms are not structured to adequately address the breadth and complexity of the climate crisis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hassan Awan, Dr. Salma Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physico-chemical dynamics and water quality assessment of drigh lake, Sindh, Pakistan
This study assesses the seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters and evaluates the water quality status of Drigh Lake to understand its ecological condition and eutrophication risk. Seasonal water samples were collected from multiple stations within the lake and its inlets, and key parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids were analyzed using standard field and laboratory methods. The results revealed pronounced seasonal variability across all parameters, with elevated temperatures, reduced dissolved oxygen, and lower transparency during summer months, indicating intensified biological activity and organic matter decomposition. Higher suspended solids and dissolved solids during periods of low water level highlighted the strong influence of agricultural runoff and evaporation-driven concentration effects. Although most parameters remained within national and international permissible limits, the observed trends reflect progressive nutrient enrichment and increasing eutrophication pressure. The findings demonstrate that watershed-driven inputs, combined with shallow lake morphology and seasonal hydrological fluctuations, are key drivers of water quality degradation in Drigh Lake.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneer Ahmed Abbasi, Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Rasool Abbasi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Women in leadership positions: A comparative study of PM Benazir Bhutto and CM Maryam Nawaz
Women comprise 49.6% of the world population. In Pakistan, women comprise 49.33% of the population. Becoming almost half of the population, women's role in the administration, economics, and politics is meager. In the political history of Pakistan, it has had only one female prime minister throughout its independence. In 77 years of Pakistan, for the first time in 2024 female chief minister of Punjab secured a seat. This paper explains the women's leadership in Pakistan. A comparative study of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and current serving chief minister Maryam Nawaz. The paper examines the hardships they both face, their leadership style, and their policies. The studies also analyze the similarities and differences of support systems behind each leader. The study reveals that both women as leaders perform very well Maryam Nawaz is currently serving and her policies and initiatives toward development are very reliable. Both women's styles are democratic, inclusive, and more responsible. The governance of Maryam Nawaz is more active in her province because of social media advancement as compared to Benazir Bhutto's time. Both pawed the path for women in all sectors of government and as Benazir is a landmark personality Maryam Nawaz also will be the most reliable women leader of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Saleem, Ali Hassan, Ali Hasnain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The TikTok Fitna: Moral panics, short-form video, and the contested public sphere in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the social media platform TikTok is in a paradoxical situation: it has become one of the most popular applications in the country and simultaneously the topic of frequent state bans. The paper claims that this recurring confrontation is not simply the issue of policing immoral content but a symptom of deeper societal conflict in the definition and control of the public sphere in the digital era. Based on the theory of moral panic by Stanley Cohen and counter-publics by Nancy Fraser, we examine the official state discourse supporting the idea of TikTok as a Fitna (a source of chaos or sedition). We argue that this platform is an effective, decentralized counter-public among the youth, rural citizens, and other groups often marginalized by Pakistan elite, state-controlled media. By critically analyzing various applications of the platform, including vernacular commerce and religious discourse, and considering the rise and fall of bans, this paper records the creation of a new, contentious space. We find that the TikTok battle is a main arena of the future of the Pakistani public sphere, where global platforms can radically reconfigure social and political communication at the grassroots, disrupting established patterns of state-centric cultural and informational control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Nawaz, Syed Abdul Siraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change and its socioeconomic impacts on Pakistan’s agriculture sector
The agriculture sector of Pakistan is the main stay of livelihood for the labor force; it contributes almost 23% of GDP, and it is highly important for climatic conditions. It is also important to notice in this paper that the rising of temperature, the shifting of patterns of heat waves, the filling and changing condition of glaciers in context to groundwater dynamics, and the impact on crop yields are positive. It is also important to notice the review of natural agriculture policy documentation and different reports on the observation of project risks and socio-economic paths and different dipositive conditions, which impact the agriculture sector differently. It also impacts rainfall conditions, irrigation of land, distribution of different segments of society, and different climatic options for improvement of agriculture and irrigation systems. It is also important that the policy recommendations to strengthen the agriculture sector are an important part of this paper or policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan.
Water Security and Climate -smart Agriculture
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali Panhyar, Dr. Inayatullah Magsi, Norang Chandio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Supreme Court of Pakistan as a federal court an analysis
An independent judiciary is an integral part of modern federations as it plays an important role in strengthening federal values. It protects minority rights; safeguards separation of powers within the federal structure and resolve disagreements between federation and the provinces, and between the provinces. Therefore, in most cases, contemporary federal constitutions assign these roles to superior courts. In this context, this study examines the role of the Supreme Court (SC) of Pakistan as a federal court, acting as a referee in disputes between the federation and the provinces, or among the provinces. This study presents an in-depth analysis of certain selected cases decided by the SC of Pakistan, aimed at safeguarding the federal character of the state. The findings offer a modest contribution to the field and serve as a valuable source for policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Malik Husnain Awan, Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanitarian response or human rights gap? A critical analysis of post-flood relief and resettlement in Khairpur Mirs
This study aims to critically examine the post-2022 flood relief and resettlement efforts in Khairpur Mirs, Sindh using the intersecting lens of humanitarian response and human rights. Climate induced disasters are increasingly recognized as global justice issues, the case of Khairpur reveals significant disparities between short term humanitarian interventions and long term-based recovery. Using the lens of climate justice theory and international legal frameworks such as ICESCR, UN guiding principles on international displacement and Sendai framework, this research aims to investigate if the fundamental rights to housing, health, food, education and participation were upheld in the aftermath of floods. The findings reveal a critical gap in governance, community inclusion and participation and legal accountability. Relief efforts and distribution was marred by political interference, gendered exclusions and limited engagement of the affected community. This article suggests a paradigm change in models of emergency relief models of disaster governance that focus on giving voice and rights to vulnerable populations. The case of Khairpur serves as indicator of the human cost of the lack of attention to the problem of climate change and as warning against underscoring the extreme necessity of integrating human rights into the process of disaster management and policy formulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Hussain Jamro, Shazia Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Local Government, Urban Community and Climate Resilience in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lahore
Climate change poses a significant threat to the livelihood and well-being of Pakistan's urban communities, particularly in Lahore. Rising temperatures and urban flooding have increased the intensity of the heat waves, and changes in the precipitation pattern are exacerbating urban flooding. This study assesses the vulnerability of urban communities in Lahore to climate change using qualitative research methods, and it includes 25 interviews. According to the results, local communities are highly vulnerable to climate-related challenges, with significant impacts on livelihoods, infrastructure, and socio-economic problems. The study identifies several key factors contributing to vulnerability, including poverty, lack of awareness, and limited economic diversification. The study highlights the importance of community-based adaptation strategies, including the use of traditional knowledge and practices, to enhance resilience to climate change. The need for urgent policy action to raise awareness and support climate resilience and adaptation measures in urban communities of Pakistan. The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working in the field of climate change adaptation and climate resilience. The study recommends the development of targeted adaptation programs that take into account the specific needs and vulnerabilities of urban communities in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Almera, Mohammad Muneeb Butt, Mehroz Tahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges in integration: Sociological interpretive analysis of sexually abused male children in district Dir lower
This study intended to know about the reintegration challenges faced by sexually abused male children. Child sexual abuse causes severe physical, psychological, and emotional suffering and is a serious violation of human rights. The aim of this study was to determine the difficulties faced by male children who had experienced sexual abuse had in reintegrating into society. The researchers employed qualitative research methodologies in this study since the nature of the research necessitates a thorough examination of the rehabilitation and reintegration process. Albert Bandura's social learning theory served as the theoretical foundation for this investigation. The saturation point was used to establish the sample size, which were ten participants. The data in the current study was decoded by the researchers using thematic analysis. The study finds out that there are significant obstacles for male children who have experienced sexual abuse, such as psychological trauma, societal stigma, and a lack of family support. The results indicate that survivors face anxiety, despair, remorse, fear, and loneliness, and that reintegration is further hampered by weak family ties and social stigma. The study recommends establishing community awareness campaigns, offering ongoing psychosocial counseling, and bolstering family-based support networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Salman Khan, Mr. Riaz Ullah, Dr. Mansoor Ahmad, Mr. Hammad Zada, Ms. Marjan Gul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change in Pakistan: Assessing risks, adaptation and mitigation strategies
The purpose of the study is to determine the perceived risks of climate change in Pakistan, the awareness and adaptation practices among the people, and to determine mitigation measures. The study also considers how effective government policies are and how willing people are to make lifestyle changes to deal with challenges that are based on climate. Quantitative research design was used with a structured questionnaire online. The findings show that awareness of climate change is very high, with 88.6 % of respondents being aware of the issue and 80 % of the respondents believing that the problem is severe or very severe. The highest risks were noted to be water scarcity (71.4 %), floods (62.9 %), and heatwaves (57.1 %). Other popular adaptation practices included tree plantation (42.9%), water conservation (37.1%) but renewable energy adoption was low (11.4%). Most (51.4%) people considered government policies to be ineffective, but 85.7% were ready to change their lifestyles to reduce climate change. The role of the government as the key player in solving climate problems was also highlighted by the respondents with NGOs and communities as secondary players.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bushra Maryam, Muhammad Nafees, Suneela Raza, Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari, Anosha Sultan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on tourism and tourist destinations
This research examines the effect of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on tourism and tourist sites in Pakistan. CPEC has brought with it huge improvements in infrastructure, such as improved roads, transport, and communication systems, which have opened up far-flung and underdeveloped regions. The study examines both the favorable impacts, e.g., economic development, employment generation, and creation of new tourist attractions, as well as the negative impacts, e.g., degradation of the environment, cultural transformation, and overburdening of local resources. Through Quantitative approach (survey), the research intends to gain an in-depth perspective of how CPEC is reshaping tourism in Pakistan and provide recommendations for sustainable development so that the benefits of this growth are maximized and the harmful effects are lessened.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Anis Naqvi, Dr. Muhammad Kamran, Badar Kamal Habib, Ali Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital intimacy and the transformative trajectories of contemporary marital relations: A sociological perspective
This paper uses qualitative methods to explore how digital media both fosters intimacy and provokes conflict among couples. Theoretical frameworks i.e.The Hyper-personal Model”, “Expectancy Violation Theory” (EVT), and “Affection Exchange Theory (AET). This paper is an attempt to explore various practices i.e. sentimental messaging, digital relationship rituals, and phubbing eventually shape the dynamics of the relationships. Data was collected employing interviews with 10 married couples (total participants = 20) from major urban cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad). Four central themes were developed using the Phenomenological approach. Themes of dual nature, entertaining and distracting, phubbing as a violation of emotional expectations, affection drawn by deliberate digital engagement as a means of emotional reinforcement, and finally cultural and religious arguments dictating the digital maturity. Findings reveal digital behaviours like phubbing erode emotional connection and spark jealousy, while shared online rituals may enhance relational maintenance. This study offers insights into digital intimacy, recommending culturally sensitive strategies for mindful phone use and empathetic communication to nurture marital intimacy in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shadab Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reducing carbon footprints in food industry through AI-Powered lean manufacturing
This review describes how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed food manufacturing by optimizing production, reducing waste, improving sustainability and reducing CO2 emissions. The AI uses predictive analytics, real-time monitoring and computer vision to simplify operations, reduce environmental impact and ensure product consistency. AI-powered smart food factories automate tasks, predict maintenance needs and check quality in real time to boost output. AI-powered supply chain management reduces food waste, optimizes resources and simplifies logistics. AI helps create customized nutrition and new protein sources to meet customer needs. The AI has many benefits but high prices, data privacy concerns, and job loss make it difficult to use in food processing. To solve these issues, we must invest in AI training, rules and moral use. Robotics, block chain integration and AI-driven 3D food printing will transform food production, meeting global sustainability standards and reducing CO2 emissions. It also addresses the main barriers to AI use such as infrastructure, morality and money and offers various solutions. By responsibly using AI and addressing these challenges, the food industry can generate more efficient, secure and sustainable production systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneeb Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Legislative responses and political party roles in the sociopolitical empowerment of Christian women in Lahore: A comparative review of PTI and PML-N (2013–2022
Christian women in Lahore face multiple sources of marginalization due to discrimination based on gender as well as being a religious minority. Even though there are some legislative safeguards and constitutional guarantees, the real lives of such women reveal that they are vulnerable in a social, economic, and political sense. In this review article, the author identifies and critically analyses the country's efforts of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) governments, 2013-2022, in terms of legislating, policy, and institutions. It has drawn on secondary literature only and explores the sociopolitical issues that plague Christian women, the extent and execution of significant legislative actions, and impediments to effective empowerment. This review is premised on constructivist theory, hence providing a synthesis of reforms regarding the same and pointing out the traces of barriers to participation and inclusion, and the necessity of progressing to more valuable intersectional and contextually considerate legal and policy solutions that would enable the substantive empowerment of Christian women in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laiba Khan, Dr. Shafique Qurban (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate-Induced displacement and the gendered realities of migration in Pakistan: A case study approach
In Pakistan, climate change has a severe impact on the mechanisms of displacement, with various floods, droughts, and extreme weather conditions regularly displacing communities. This paper highlights the gendered impacts of displacement caused by climate change, placing a particular emphasis on the vulnerability of women at risk. It uses a qualitative method to explain how the socio-cultural norms, structural disparities, and institutional gaps increase the vulnerability of women. There is empirical evidence based on field observations and secondary sources, illustrating how displaced women face increased risks like gender-based violence, lack of mobility, and poor access to health and legal services, and are mostly left out of the decision-making, concerning climate adaptation. The results support the need to have gender-sensitive policies and locally contextual measures of adaptation responding to intersectional vulnerabilities. In a broader context, the study contributes to the existing demands to shift climate discourse toward the focus on social justice and gender equity and concludes that gender considerations should be incorporated into climate resilience strategies as an ethical imperative and a necessary condition of sustainable adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shafique Ahmed, Dr. Sabahat Jaleel, Asifa Noor Tahira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge and perceptions of healthcare educators regarding climate change and its inclusion in undergraduate health sciences curriculum
The study explored the knowledge and perceptions of Health Care Educators regarding climate change and its inclusion in undergraduate health sciences curriculum. The study data was collected with 12 individualized interviews of faculty members. The written consent was taken from all the participants. The duration of each interview was 30 to 40 minutes. They were conducted in English language and were audio recorded for transcription and analysis. Key findings affirmed that climate change, driven predominantly by human activity, incurs broad-ranging impacts on public health, necessitating an informed response from healthcare educators. There is a consensus on the urgency to integrate climate education into health curriculum at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, equipping future healthcare providers to navigate the complexities of climate-related health challenges. Schools can play a vital role in disseminating health education related to climate change. The integration of climate-focused content promises to foster awareness and drive behavioral changes to mitigate the deleterious effects of climate change on health and society. Early education is the foundation for addressing health disparities arising from climate-related issues, ensuring a resilient future generation.
Climate change; Health education, Health care educators, Curriculum and Population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Saira Mehboob Ali Lalani, Dr. Javeria Farooq, Ms. Samreen Nanji, Ms. Razia Jaffery (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Flood-Induced gendered health vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities in South Punjab, Pakistan
This study aims to explore the flood-affected people's experiences of healthcare services as a consequence of floods, how disasters disrupt women's mobility, and gender-specific health issues. This study seeks to explore how gender roles, access to healthcare, limited mobility, and care obligations influence health consequences and contribute to different vulnerabilities in flood-affected areas. A qualitative research approach and phenomenological research design were used. The participants were recruited from the Rajanpur District of Punjab, Pakistan. Thirty flood-affected individuals (fifteen females and fifteen males) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis was performed for analysis. Results show that there was a high level of gender inequality in the access to healthcare services and provision of reproductive health, as well as psychosocial well-being. Women reported feeling burdened by their caregiving responsibilities, experiencing a lack of privacy in shelters, and facing limitations in accessing medical help. Indigenous adaptive resilience did nevertheless occur in the form of community-based women’s networks and informal care systems. The study concludes that promoting gender-sensitive disaster health planning may help to reinforce inclusive adaptive capacities and enable equal health interventions in flood-affected areas
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Uzair, Prof. Dr. Ra’ana Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the impact of climate change induced floods on school education in Pakistan: A case study of South Punjab
Climate change is related to long term variations in the earth temperatures and weather pattern. These variations can be due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Floods are the major events of climate change. Therefore, climate change has been posing risks to the global peace and socio-economic development indiscriminately. Pakistan has also been facing this issue continuously. It has been witnessing massive floods whereas 2010 and 2022 floods were the most devastating in its history. None of the sector is immune from it. Qualitative research along with interpretive and explanatory research techniques is used in this study. Secondary sources such as published books, journals, newspaper, etc are used in it. As far as findings are concerned, school education especially in South Punjab is the most vulnerable floods. Educational activities remained suspended for long time because of destruction of school buildings, infrastructure, mass migration and relief camps in the premises of schools. Enrolment decreased whereas dropout ratio increased. Disaster risk reduction strategies and flood resilient schools' building are necessary for carrying smoothly school educational activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qasim Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The social construction of environmental crisis in Pakistan: A media-centric perspective
This study uses Dawn's carefully selected collection of newspaper articles to investigate how environmental issues are socially constructed in Pakistan through the lens of mass media. The study uses qualitative content analysis to pinpoint prevailing narratives and themes in media coverage that influence public opinion and environmental policy discussions. For the sake of getting themes by using induction from these columns, a mathematical approach is used. Each and every column was read thoroughly and highlighted wherever a new theme was identified by the writer. These themes clearly give us a roadmap to formulate certain strategies for controlling environmental degradation and coping with strategies to curb down environmental pollution." The results show that pollution, climate change, and environmental degradation are frequently viewed through institutional, political, and cultural prisms, revealing a complicated interaction between economic interests, governance issues, and public awareness. The study emphasizes how important the media is in creating environmental realities that impact regional and national reactions in addition to educating the public. The report highlights the gaps between policy and knowledge and makes the need for more aggressive, scientifically based media participation in environmental discourse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saira Abrar, Babak Mahmood, Ayesha Chaudhry, Sana Ejaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of climate change on the SAARC region: National security implications for Pakistan
One of the most urgent global challenges today is climate change, and because of its geographic, economic, and sociopolitical factors, South Asia is among the most affected regions. The study explores climate change as a non-traditional security threat to the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) region, focusing especially on Pakistan. Rising temperatures, irregular monsoon patterns, melting glaciers, and extreme weather events have significant impacts on national security, food security, economic stability, and human displacement. This research is qualitative, employing environmental security theory to examine how resource disputes and geopolitical tensions shape the future of the SAARC region. Additionally, to promote Pakistan's ecological sustainability, the study concludes with policy recommendations for adaptation and potential mitigation measures. It argues that although climate change is a global, non-traditional security threat, a regional, non-traditional approach is crucial in South Asia. Furthermore, it suggests that Pakistan and India, as key players, need to move past their differences. Therefore, the effects of climate change on Pakistan are extensive, and how the country addresses this challenge will significantly impact regional stability and prosperity, both broadly and specifically for Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Noor Nawaz, Dr. Humera Akhtar , Sheikh Arslan Zafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Militarization Development in Cybersecurity and Shift in Poland’s Security Strategy After Russia-Ukraine War
The article focuses on how Russian-Ukraine War change concept of security in Europe. the study also elaborates the larger framework of national security, how war on Ukraine security concern of Europe and especially for Poland which share a boarder with Ukraine and military and cyber security development in reaction to counter Russia.the effects of this War on the dynamics of European security cannot be undermined. This research offers a thorough analysis Poland’s policy and strategy shift in security, with a Lens of balance of power theory to maintain balance of power, which this battle has altered in the region. It explores emphasis of how nations, such as Poland prioritized defense measures and fostered regional cooperation in response to tackle security concerns and a powerful enemy. It also takes into account that, beside alliance with NATO, which was as external balance of power measure and remains trustful, Poland shifts its strategy to internal balance of power approach by build its own military capabilities in conventional, cyber security and cyberspace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mussa Iqbal, Rami Bashir, Umme- e- Rubab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Empirical studies on social capital as a catalyst for green innovation
Lack of social capital is among the numerous barriers impeding Pakistan's industrial sector's adoption of green innovation. The aim of this methodological study is to investigate how social capital can promote green innovation in Pakistan’s industrial sector. This study reviews and summarizes the relevant literature and empirical data. First, there is a quick rundown of how Pakistan's industrial sector innovates environmental sustainability through social capital. Second, the articles will be indexed using ideas and theoretical positions from the published literature. This article addresses the theoretical underpinnings of these processes as well as how and why they operate. Third, this study suggests three item for consumption category for further examination. This study contributes to Pakistan's industrial sector by critically analyzing and synthesizing current theories and research on green innovation and the environment. These findings suggest that enhanced social networks, trust, and collaboration among industrial stakeholders can facilitate resource access, information exchange, and collective action, all of which are essential for advancing green innovation. This research also reveals significant management and policy implications to support the adoption of green innovation in Pakistan's industrial sector and foster social capital.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sonia, Babak Mahmood , Ayesha Chaudhary, Paras Zaka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
India-Middle East-Europe corridor: An endeavour to enhance complex interdependence or maintain balance of power
The India Middle East Europe Corridor is the proposed initiative undertaken by US, India, Saudi Arab and UAE. The initiative has majorly been received as an attempt to counter Chinas increasing influence in Middle East and strengthen India as a counter weight to Chinese ambitions. However, little has been done to give it a practical shape and speculations are rife about its potential benefits and its role in curbing Chinese influence in Middle East and providing an alternative to BRI. The following paper aims to revisit and analyse the possible objectives of the proposed project. By applying the theory of Complex Interdependence and its key characteristics, the paper concludes that rather than being a counterforce to Chinese clout, the project can be perceived an attempt to enhance complex interdependence as it aligns itself with the central defining features of complex interdependence
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoor Nafees, Naeem Usman, Ali Gohar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Characterization of household potato peel waste as source of bio-active compounds for climate resilient solutions
This apprehensive study was introduced to harness some principal bio-active compounds of potato peel waste with respect to its nutritional benefits for soil, humans and animal’s health. In this study, the proximate analysis, methanol extraction and sensory evaluation research techniques were used to explore the characterization of household potato peel waste. The obtained data was analyzed through standard statistical procedure to check the level of significance. Through the proximate analysis and other testing techniques, it is constituted that potato peel is wasted which has many nutritional materials such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, chlorogenic acid, protein, vitamins and minerals. These beneficial compounds are misspent in the form of household and industrial processing waste instead of advantageous utilization. During biochemical analysis, the biological activities of potato peel such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties were observed. It is concluded from the study that there are different useful, applicable and worthwhile by-product, brought up by recycling methods of wasted potato peel. These valuable products may be productive in various aspects such as in human, animal, and soil nutrition health as well as handy in household and environmental facet.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaid bin Shahid, Farhana Nosheen, Qura-tul-ain, Saleha Hameed, Linta Hafeez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From grey skies to green spaces: Smog-smart architecture for building healthier workplaces
This study proposes environmental sustainability and human-oriented design to be incorporated in the design of a smog-resilient corporate campus of an IT company in Lahore. This research exploration suggests an architectural regime that may counter this environmental degradation issue besides improving the well-being of the occupants ecologically using sensitive design intercession. Research methodologically is a case-based study that examines international precedents where successful applications of sustainable and biophilic design strategies have been applied in polluted urban environments. The principles of biophilic design are integrated into the built environment at large to facilitate psychological well-being, enhance work place satisfaction and as a way of facilitating a closer human-nature relationship in the workplace. Other innovations include green roofs, vegetative layers and water efficient systems that aid in air purification, biodiversity in the city and conservation of resources. The findings may add to conceptual and technical formulation of the proposed design which is placed as an example of an environmentally-responsible corporate architecture. The proposed design may act as a model of sustainable urban development, since it combines the environmental performance with the well-being of the people who would use the buildings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sawera Shakeel , Dr. Omer Shujat Bhatti , Muzaffar Aziz Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CPEC role in South Asia’s Strategic restructuring: Regional politics and global implications
The paper entitled ‘CPEC Role in South Asia’s Strategic Restructuring: Regional Politics and Global Implications’ analyzes CPEC as one of the major projects of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It begins by analyzing the historical relationship between Pakistan and China, describing the initiation of CPEC. The main objective is to evaluate how the failure of internal governance and change of leadership in Pakistan coupled with external resistance of its neighbor India and the United States has impacted the strategic understanding of CPEC. It uses a qualitative approach by making use of secondary data which comprises research articles and government reports The paper uses a theoretical approach of balance of power theory that lies under the domain of structural realism to explain the strategic and diplomatic nature of CPEC. The conclusion shows that irrespective consistency in politics, poor institutional frameworks, and provincial dissatisfaction have hampered the ability to oversee CPEC in Pakistan. The the geopolitical opposition related to this project increases due to the territorial concerns of India and the counter-projects by USA including QUAD, PGII, or IPEF. These have undermined the regional power of China and triggered tensions and strained Sino-Pakistan relations.
Regional Politics and Global Implications
Copyright (c) 2025 Afrah Nawaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
FATA-KP Merger: An Analysis of Post-Merger Realities
The joining of FATA with KP in 2018 was a big step for Pakistan, meant to boost governance, security and economic and social growth. Here, we look at what the local public thinks about the merger, studying the possible impact on governance, infrastructure, economic chances and traditional culture. The research uses surveys (with 104 participants), interviews and focus group discussions with students, elders, officials and professionals who lived in former FATA. Studies find that although some recognize improvements, many are still unhappy about slow changes, ongoing corruption and broken economic pledges. Matters of concern are difficulties in finding work, the problems of political leadership and worries about the continuing influence of the tribes. According to the report, the region should speed up its decentralization process, boost openness, aid financial and social progress and keep its unique identity as it links to the rest of the nation. Sustainable integration can be achieved by giving priority to community outreach, fair sharing of resources and security with development. The findings recognize that immediate, practical changes must be made to unite what is promised by leaders with actual everyday life for people in the merged districts
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Qayyum, Dr. Anwar Ali , Dr. Bilal Bin Liaqat, Dr. Ghulam Mustafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Medicinal crops as a pathway to sustainable agriculture, food security, farmers' income, and sustainable development in Pakistan
Agriculture is a backbone of Pakistan’s economy, playing a key role in national progress and rural incomes. The State Bank of Pakistan BSC has made substantial role to wide-ranging agricultural funding. Directed by SBP BSC Vision 2028, the Bank has indorsed financial enclosure through subsidized arrangements and targeted capacity-building programs aimed at empowering smallholder farmers, women businesspersons, and rural societies. This paper not only explores the cultivation and commercialization of key medicinal crops in Pakistan but also underscores the importance of institutional and policy support in unlocking their full potential. “Five medicinal crops have been analyzed in this study: [Turmeric. Black Seed (Kalonji), Aloe Vera, Fennel and Mint], each selected for their economic, health, and environmental benefits.” The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of their growth conditions, market potential, and contribution to sustainable agricultural practices. It concludes with actionable recommendations aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), mainly No Poverty (SDG 1), Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3), ,Decent Work and Economic Growth(SDG 8), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), and Climate Action (SDG 13)—positioning medicinal crops as a strategic pillar of Pakistan’s green economic future.
Commercialization of Key Medicinal Crops
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Muhammad Saleem, Mr. Sarfraz A. Nadeem, Prof. Dr. Salma Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0