Journal of Climate and Community Development
The Journal of Climate and Community Development (JOCCD) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international journal that includes empirical research, theoretical articles, case studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. The journal has initially been approved by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and ranked in the Y-Category in October 2024 and maintained its status in the same category for this year till December 2027 by publishing quality content and by maintaining international publication standards. By keeping in view the mission of the Publisher, the Institute for Educating Environmental Resilience and Governance (IEERG), the JOCCD focuses on research topics, i.e., climate change and community resilience, climate impacts and food security, climate adaptation and sustainable development, technology and innovation in climate and community development, etc. For details, visit Aim & Scope The journal is multidisciplinary. We welcome submissions from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, including environmental science, sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies. Desk Review Time: 1 week (Average) Peer-review Process: 4 weeks (Average) Acceptance Rate: 48% Note: The Journal did not charge any submission fees to authors; however, it charges a minimal fee for processing and publication after acceptance of a paper. For detailed guidance, visit Author Guidelines
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATING ENVIRONMENT RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED]
Reservoir characterization of sawan gas field using seismic inversion and machine learning algorithms, central indus basin, Pakistan
The study's primary goal is to identify the thin sands packages of B and C Intervals of Lower Goru Formation of Sawan Gas Field, by using machine learning along with reservoir characterization by performing seismic interpretation, seismic inversion, petrophysics, Rock physics modelling and using machine learning algorithms. The Sawan Gas Field is situated within the Central Indus Basin of Pakistan, and its geological setting is characterized by extensional tectonic processes. Following the completion of seismic interpretation, seismic inversion, and petrophysical analysis, the findings indicate that the C Interval of the Lower Goru Formation within the Sawan Gas Field exhibits a more substantial hydrocarbon potential when contrasted with the B-Interval. Rock physics modeling have used for the prediction of P and S waves variations and how Poisson’s ratio occurs. Rock physics depicted the missing log prediction like S-wave specifically and fluid substitution also occurred with different conditions to confirm reservoir availability. Model Based Inversion (MBI) have been used to predict and confirm better results came from seismic interpretation. Wavelet was extracted from the control line and the correlation occurred. LFM (Low Frequency Models) have been generated as well. Afterwards Quality control of data was occurred by inverted techniques. Lastly to confirm results with seismic inversion technique, Machine learning (PNN) based on Bayesian classifier method which gives reliable prediction of petro physical properties, so it is used predict Volume of clay prediction, Porosity prediction and Saturation of water was predicted by Actual and Predicted values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiz Muhammad Taqi, Abdul Basit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate governance and sustainable development: Rethinking policy responses for a resilient future
This research focused on the studies regarding the role of climate governance, policy effectiveness, and institutional resilience in sustainable development. A quantitative research technique was chosen, which involved a structured questionnaire administered to 350 respondents from different institutions (NGOs, private sector, academic institutions, and government institutions) active in the climate and sustainability sectors, drawn using simple random sampling. The data were analyzed descriptively, with reliability, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression in SPSS Version 27. The reliability test showed good internal consistency in this study, ranging from 0.876 to 0.918 Cronbach's α. The descriptive statistics showed positive perceptions of all the variables studied, ranging from 4.09 to 4.26. The research found that all factors of climate governance, policy effectiveness, institutional resilience, as well sustainable development, showed positive correlations with each other (ranging from 0.653 to 0.781; p < 0.01), as obtained through correlation analysis. Multiple regression analysis revealed that climate governance (β = 0.352, p < 0.001), policy effectiveness (β = 0.291, p < 0.001), and institutional resilience (β = 0.334, p < 0.001) are significant determinants of sustainable development. The regression model explained 74.3% of the variance in sustainable development (R² = 0.743; F = 334.58; p < 0.001). The study attributes high governance quality and good governance performance, through policy enforcement and institutional strengthening, to high sustainable development outcomes. It concludes that these three play significant roles in supporting sustainable development. The results are relevant to policymakers who are interested in strengthening Climate Governance mechanisms for a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sultan Mahmood, Wajahat Hussain, Zainab Ranjha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Buy now, pay later adoption among generation z in Pakistan: An integrated cognitive, psychological, and social perspective
Buy now, pay later (BNPL) is a rapidly expanding form of digitally enabled short-term credit, yet the factors that move young consumers from considering BNPL to actually using it remain insufficiently understood in emerging economies. This study examines cognitive, psychological, and social antecedents of BNPL usage among Generation Z consumers in Pakistan. Financial literacy and digital literacy represent cognitive factors; perceived ownership of borrowed money and perceived pain of payment represent psychological factors; and social media financial influence and financial parenting represent social factors. Intention to use BNPL is specified as the immediate predictor of usage. Data were obtained through a questionnaire survey of 337 Pakistani Gen Z BNPL users selected through convenience sampling and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results show that financial literacy, perceived pain of payment, and financial parenting reduce intention, whereas digital literacy, perceived ownership of borrowed money, and social media financial influence increase it. Intention positively predicts actual BNPL usage, and all seven hypotheses are supported. The study integrates financial capability, payment psychology, and socialization within one intention-based model. It offers guidance for regulators, educators, families, platforms, and retailers seeking to promote informed, transparent, and responsible use of deferred-payment services among young consumers in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waseem Rana, Hannan Afzal, Inam Ullah Khan, Ian Mobeen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of energy storage in climate change mitigation: Pathways toward sustainable energy systems
This study aimed to review existing literature and evaluate recent evidence related to technological innovation, environmental benefits, policy support and deployment challenges, with a focus on the role of energy storage in decarbonization. A qualitative systematic literature review design was used with secondary data collection approach from peer-reviewed journal articles and international energy reports. A total of 120 publications (from 2020-26) were screened, and 80 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used in the final sample for thematic analysis. The results revealed that 35.0% of the analysed studies were on lithium-ion battery storage, 22.5% of the studies were on pumped hydro storage, 17.5% of the studies were on hydrogen storage, 13.8% of the studies were on thermal energy storage, and 11.2% of the studies were on compressed air energy storage. In addition, 31.3 per cent of the studies cited the integration of renewable energy as the main advantage of energy storage, followed by grid stability (23.7 per cent), carbon emission reduction (20 per cent), energy security (15 per cent), and economic efficiency (10 per cent). The review also found that significant capital investment, reliance on critical minerals, recycling issues, and regulatory uncertainty are significant issues for broad-scale implementation. The study found that by increasing grid reliability, improving the use of renewables, and contributing to global climate change mitigation, energy storage was one of the most important enablers for low-carbon energy transitions. Further technological innovation, policy support, and sustainable investment were still key to meeting resilient and sustainable energy systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 S Mehmood Ullah Shah, Shaoor Ahmed, Dr. Imran Khan, Sughra Bibi, Intikhab Ulfat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antecedents of buy now pay later usage among Gen-Z in Pakistan: The moderating role of financial self-control
Customer credit in the digital age has been forever changed by buy now pay later (BNPL), which lets consumers purchase something now and pay for it in instalments over time. The current study aims to explore the role of cognitive (financial literacy and digital literacy) and psychological factors (perceived ownership of borrowed money, and perceived pain of payment) in influencing BNPL usage among the Gen Z consumers in Pakistan. The data were gathered by conducting a physical survey with 337 Pakistani Gen Z customers who have already availed BNPL, and analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modeling. All of the eight hypotheses are supported. The intention is negatively associated with financial literacy and perceived pain of payment, whereas digital literacy and perceived ownership of borrowed money are positively associated with intention. The intention to use is a strong predictor of actual use. Financial self-control reduces positive influence on intention, increases the deterrent effect of payment pain and reduces the conversion of intention to usage. The study builds on the theory of planned behavior by incorporating cognitive capability, payment psychology and self-regulation in the context of a credit market in an emerging economy. It also provides practical recommendations to regulators, educators, providers and retailers interested in responsible BNPL growth with youth.
Regional power politics and the future of the Two-state solution: Qualitative study of the Israel–Palestine conflict
The Israel–Palestine conflict is one of the longest-standing and most intricate issues in international politics, and regional dynamics continue to influence its ongoing development and prospects for a negotiated resolution. The study analyzes the regional power dynamics and their impact on the conflict and their implications for the future of the Two-State Solution. The study used a qualitative approach, adopting elements of Realist theory, which involved conducting semi-structured interviews with three political science experts and secondary data analysis of academic literature, policy reports and official documents. The study shows that regional actors play a key role in the conflict in numerous ways, including diplomacy, normalization efforts, security cooperation, humanitarian work, and forming strategic alliances. The so-called "Abraham Accords" have led to greater cooperation in the region, but have not directly tackled the fundamental political issues that have driven the conflict, such as Palestinian statehood, land claims, and sovereignty. The study also underscores that the domestic political polarization, regional conflicts, and diverging strategic agendas remain as impediments to any substantive effort at achieving a negotiated resolution. The Two-State Solution is still the most popular international peace model, but there are increasing political and practical obstacles blocking its adoption. The study adds to the literature by bringing the voice of the experts into the Realist analysis and showing the impact regional power politics have on the continuing nature of the conflict and on the future of the Two-State Solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tahreem Fatima, Tallat Yasmin, Tooba Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Linguistic Capital and Global Citizenship: How English Proficiency Shapes Pakistani Students’ Civic Identity Construction
The current study is a Straussian grounded theory exploring the role of English language skills, in terms of linguistic capital, in the process of civic identity construction of Pakistani university students in the global context of citizenship education. This study asks questions regarding the interplay between language ability, position in society, and citizenship construction in Pakistan’s highly differentiated educational system through an analysis of field notes from six months of observation and in-depth interviews with 24 students. Using an open, axial, and selective approach to coding from Corbin and Strauss’s (2015) grounded theory, the study shows that the positioning of multiple identities (national, and cosmopolitan citizen) is a negotiated process flowing through the mechanism of the ability to speak English. The results show that language capital is an important factor in students’ experience of civic agency, the presence of the notion of global citizenship, and their placement in learning and career spaces. The emergent core category “linguistic mediation of civic becoming” illustrates the ways in which English competence forms different routes to citizenship while simultaneously providing for cosmopolitan citizenship and regenerating inequalities in education. This study adds to the knowledge of how social, economic, and political power and the citizenship identity of the people are linked to language in a postcolonial society where English is hegemonic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rumana Anjum, Ammara Chaudhry, Dr. Sadia Rauf, Dr. Yaar Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Weaponization of hunger: Food insecurity and humanitarian crisis in Gaza during the Israel–Hamas war
This study examines the role of food deprivation and shortage in Gaza conflict which can be observed as a direct or indirect weaponization of hunger including various tactics like border closure, siege, or limitations on civilian aid. This report explores the humanitarian impact of food insecurity particularly for vulnerable groups like children, women and older persons who are suffering from malnutrition and health related risk. To achieve these objectives, the study has adopted the qualitative approach including policy papers, academy papers, institution reports and credible international publications. This report has analyzes the role and response of international humanitarian aid and their challenges in delivering aid assistance to civilians in Gaza. Existing literature indicates that damage to local food production system and restrictions on aid have significantly weakened the food insecurity which increases the dependency on external aid for civilians leading the population towards vulnerability. The findings suggest a critical case about food insecurity that it is not only an impact of armed conflict but also functioning as a strategic tool that intensifies civilian suffering in Gaza. The paper calls out for urgent recommendations regarding civilian protection, and implementation of legal frameworks to limitize further deterioration of humanitarian situation in Gaza. The report concludes by urgent need for international attention and sustained actions to address the food insecurity and reducing the risk of human catastrophe in Gaza.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamna Imran, Insha Zafar, Dr. Tayba Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Agriculture 5.0: Integrating Artificial Intelligence, Climate Finance, and Sustainable Rural Development
Agriculture 5.0 is a new paradigm that aims to maximize agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and the resilience of rural communities by utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI), climate finance, and sustainable rural development. This study examined the impacts of AI, climate finance, and sustainable rural development on sustainable agricultural performance. A quantitative research design was employed using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 320 farmers, agricultural extension officers, agribusiness professionals, and rural development practitioners. The data were analysed using SPSS Statistics Version 29 through descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Cronbach's alpha values ranged from 0.887 to 0.914, indicating high internal consistency. The descriptive statistics showed high respondent agreement, with mean values ranging from 4.24 to 4.35. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among all study variables (r = 0.684–0.808, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that AI (β = 0.396, p < 0.001), climate finance (β = 0.281, p < 0.001), and sustainable rural development (β = 0.437, p < 0.001) significantly influenced sustainable agricultural performance. The regression model demonstrated strong predictive power (R² = 0.760, F = 333.52, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that intelligent technologies, accessible climate finance, and inclusive rural development enhance agricultural productivity, resource efficiency, climate resilience, and long-term sustainability, highlighting Agriculture 5.0 as a comprehensive framework for sustainable agricultural transformation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umair Zafar, Muhammad Faisal, Syed Muhammad Shoaib Wasim, Sultan Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital Transformation and Global Inequality: A Challenge for Sustainable Development
Digital transformation is the main medium of 21st century economic progress and innovation. But it is not equally distributed around the world. This report seeks to investigate the effects of the rapid technological development, such as digital infrastructure, AI and internet, in further exacerbating the existing divide between global north and global south. The advancement in digital technology can contribute to enhancing the economic development and the field of education and better governance. But lack of access to internet and digital literacy continues to limit many communities, especially in Global South. The study is an analysis of the influence of the digital divide on the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in the SDG fields of quality education, economic growth and reduced inequalities. It looks at structural obstacles to equal access to digital technologies such as weak infrastructure, lack of digital skills and economic gaps. Governments, international organisations and other stakeholders in tackling these issues are also explored. It states that access to digital technologies needs to be improved to bridge the divide between the Global North and the South, and to contribute to global sustainability development. This study employs a qualitative research approach with secondary data analysis to explore the correlation between digital transformation and inequality in the world of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laiqa Sohail, Zainab Qamar, Dr. Tayba Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban Midrise Residential Living in Pakistan: A Critical Review of Livability, Cultural Adaptation, and Environmental Performance
Rapid urbanization, population growth, and diminishing land availability have accelerated the adoption of mid-rise residential buildings (4–12 storeys) as a primary response to Pakistan's urban housing deficit. While these developments offer an efficient strategy for accommodating growing populations in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad, their implications for environmental sustainability, social well-being, and residential quality of life remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on a comprehensive review of secondary sources, including peer-reviewed literature, government reports, policy documents, and credible institutional publications, this study critically examines the multidimensional impacts of mid-rise housing in Pakistan. The findings reveal persistent design and governance challenges, including inadequate natural ventilation and daylighting, weak waste management systems, inconsistent enforcement of building regulations, and insufficient urban infrastructure, all of which compromise environmental performance and occupant satisfaction. The review further demonstrates that the shift from traditional courtyard and extended-family housing to apartment living is reshaping social structures, reducing privacy, weakening intergenerational interaction, and diminishing informal support networks. Environmentally, although mid-rise development contributes to limiting urban sprawl, it has also intensified urban heat island effects, reduced accessible green spaces below recommended standards, and increased reliance on carbon-intensive construction materials and energy systems. The study concludes that improving the livability of Pakistan's mid-rise housing requires an integrated framework combining climate-responsive architectural design, stronger regulatory enforcement, sustainable planning practices, and culturally responsive housing policies that address both environmental performance and residents' evolving social needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ar. Jamshaid Khan, Ar. Dr. Omer Shujat Bhatti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Regional heterogeneity in household fuel stacking and energy transitions: Microdata Insights from Pakistan
This paper investigates regional disparities in energy transitions and fuel stacking behavior across households in Pakistan. For this purpose, Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) from 2004-05 to 2018-19 has been used. Results indicate that although electricity consumption has increased substantially over time, complete transition to cleaner fuels has not been achieved. Instead of moving up the energy ladder, households are stacking different traditional fuels, such as firewood, dung cake, and agricultural waste, along with the cleaner fuels. Regional analysis shows that the urban households are transitioning to cleaner fuels, while rural households are still relying on traditional fuels. Within provinces, urbanized and economically developed provinces like Punjab and Sindh are experiencing a transition to cleaner fuels, whereas households in KP and Balochistan are trapped in a dual energy paradigm by spending significant proportions on both types of fuels. Therefore, this study concludes that to bridge the gap created because of the divide across regions and provinces, policymakers must take steps beyond simply increasing access to electricity at the regional level to achieve sustainable transition to cleaner fuels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasir Bashir, Prof. Dr. Faisal Mehmood Mirza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Living in the Middle of Extinction: Climate Change, Philosophy, and the Anthropocene
We are living in the middle of extinction. Several species have already disappeared, numerous others are endangered, and Indigenous communities have experienced ecological and cultural destruction for centuries. Yet the term Anthropocene places the responsibility for planetary transformation on humanity as a whole. This article questions the human implied in the Anthropocene and examines the political importance of naming and dating the current geological epoch. It considers the Eurocene as a way of drawing attention to European colonialism, and the global expansion of a human centered economic hegemony. The article also examines extinction as a gradual process that is already part of the present. I draw on Indigenous accounts of ongoing apocalypse to argue that human survival depends on relations that capitalism and ongoing colonialism continues to damage. The article concludes by calling for a dialogue between the sciences and humanities and for a renewed understanding of philosophy’s responsibility toward the present and future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahram Sarwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geospatial analysis of land use and land cover change using GIS and remote sensing: Implications for earth systems
Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a major driver of environmental transformation, affecting climate regulation, hydrological processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, and climate variability have accelerated landscape modifications worldwide, creating significant challenges for sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies have become essential tools for monitoring and analysing these changes through satellite-based observations and spatial analysis. This narrative review examines global patterns and drivers of LULC change and highlights recent advances in geospatial technologies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques for land cover mapping and change detection. The review further explores the implications of LULC dynamics for Earth system processes, such as carbon cycling, land surface temperature, water resources, ecosystem resilience, and biodiversity conservation. In addition, widely used geospatial indicators, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST), are discussed as valuable tools for environmental assessment. The review concludes that integrating GIS, remote sensing, and advanced analytical approaches provides a robust framework for understanding landscape transformations and supporting sustainable land management and environmental governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Tasaeen, Muhammad Yasrab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change in Loralai, Balochistan: Environmental, social, and economic impacts in an International Relations context
Climate change poses serious threats to vulnerable regions especially in the Balochistan province in the arid and semi-arid areas. The study investigates the environmental, social and economic consequences of climate change in Loralai District aimed to shed light on the felt climate changes and adaptation strategies of local communities. The study conducted through qualitative interviews reveals that increasing temperatures, inconsistent rainfall and frequent droughts are some of the key environmental challenges, while their impact on agriculture, water availability, and biodiversity is felt. These changes have impacted people's livelihoods, driven migration pressure, and undermined the resilience of communities, particularly of those that have been marginalized. The reduction in productivity and loss of livestock value has also led to increased poverty and unemployment, perpetuating a cycle of vulnerability. The research highlights Loralai as a case study to inform the ongoing discussion on climate change, resilience and adaptation in South Asia and locates it in an International Relations framework which brings the local to the international, to the discourse of international security and to the policy landscape on sustainable futures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Ghafoor, Mirwais Kasi, Abdul Qadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From culture to conduct: How clan culture shapes sustainable nursing behavior through moral leadership
Healthcare institutions are facing increased challenges in preserving ethical and sustainable practices of their nursing staff due to burnout, scarce resources, and increasing patient requirements. This study seeks to explore the impact of clan culture on sustainable behaviour at work among nurses and identify whether moral leadership acts as a mediator of this process. Based on Social Exchange Theory, Social Learning Theory, Ethical Climate Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, the mediation model was tested on a sample of 172 registered nurses from public hospitals of South Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative, cross-sectional approach was used in the study and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied for the analysis of data. Results indicate that clan culture positively affects moral leadership (β = 0.686, R² = 0.470), whereas moral leadership is significantly related to five aspects of sustainable workplace behaviour: working sustainably, not harming others, conserving resources, influencing others and showing initiative. The mediation analysis revealed that moral leadership completely mediates the relation of clan culture with each of the mentioned five aspects of behaviour. These results indicate that the collaborative organisational culture supports sustainable practices in nursing through development of morally responsible leaders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danish Mushtaq, Dr Aisha Khan, Dr. Shahzadi Sattar, Ume Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change and poverty traps: Evidence from flood-affected Regions of Pakistan
This paper investigates the relationship between climate-induced floods and poverty trap formation in Pakistan, focusing on the 2022, 2024, and 2025 monsoon floods. It examines whether recurrent flood shocks push vulnerable households, particularly poor rural households, women, and smallholder farmers, into persistent poverty through the erosion of livelihood assets. The study develops a household-level Flood Impact and Resilience Index (FIRI) using secondary data from Pakistan's Post Disaster Needs Assessment, National Disaster Management Authority, World Bank, and United Nations agencies. Hierarchical OLS regression with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors and an Intersectional Vulnerability Index are applied. Results reveal that poor female-headed smallholder households experience the greatest flood impacts, with significantly higher FIRI scores than wealthier landowning households. Interaction effects confirm that poverty, gender, and smallholder status jointly intensify vulnerability, while enrolment in the Benazir Income Support Programme significantly reduces flood impacts. The findings emphasize the need for shock-responsive social protection, improved early warning systems, and a strategic shift from disaster relief to disaster risk reduction and prevention in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gerald Angelo, Sajjad Yousaf, Mujahid Hussain, Abdul Khaliq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate-Induced Displacements and Refugee Governance: Policy Challenges in South Asia
South Asia faces an expanding range of climate change-related hazards, including cyclones, floods, droughts, landslides, heatwaves, and sea-level rise, that are increasingly driving population movement within and across borders. Climate-induced displacement has risen sharply in recent years, with Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan experiencing the highest levels of human mobility triggered by environmental shocks. Yet people uprooted by climate impacts are not protected under the 1951 Refugee Convention, leaving a major gap in legal and institutional safeguards. This paper examines emerging patterns of climate-driven mobility in the most vulnerable South Asian States and evaluates the governance responses required at national, regional, and international levels. Key challenges include the absence of legal recognition for climate-displaced persons, limited financing for long-term solutions, difficulties in planned relocation, weak information systems, and inadequate regional cooperation. The study proposes a policy roadmap that calls for national displacement strategies, the integration of mobility into climate adaptation planning, bilateral protection arrangements, anticipatory action systems, and strengthened financing for loss and damage. Implementing these measures would help shift the region’s approach from reactive disaster response to a more proactive, rights-based, and predictable framework for governing climate-related mobility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Humera Akhtar, Ateeqa Saif, Sheikh Arslan Zafar, Peshmina Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pakistan under Climate Change Patterns: Challenges for Security and Survival
In the twenty-first century, climate change has evolved from an environmental problem into a non-traditional security challenge, particularly for fragile states like Pakistan. Intensifying climatic variations such as changing temperature, rainfall patterns, floods, and heat waves, are compounding socio-economic pressures as well as generating new vulnerabilities. These impacts erode Pakistan's economic, strategic and environmental security. That places unprecedented stress on state institutions, thus undermining the foundation of the state’s stability, legitimacy, and continuity. Against this backdrop, this research aims to examine how rapidly changing climate patterns in Pakistan are reshaping the national security structure and posing threats to the state’s survival. Guided by the Human Security Paradigm and State Survival Theory, this study argues that climate change weakens the state's security and capacity to deliver essential services by constraining individual and institutional resilience. The research applies qualitative and exploratory methodology to interpret the data. The findings identify that climate change posing threats to security and survival. By positioning Pakistan as a crucial case, the climate-induced vulnerabilities intersect with national security and survival in recent times.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Ahmad, Monibah Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role and Influence of Social Media in Shaping Afghan Refugees’ Repatriation Decisions
For over 40 years, the repatriation of Afghan refugees has been a major topic in discussions about humanitarian issues and policies in South Asia. While decisions about returning to Afghanistan have often been shaped by political uncertainty, insecurity, and unstable economic situations, the rapid rise of social media has introduced a new factor into this process. This article explores how Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran use digital platforms, specifically Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and TikTok, to obtain information about repatriation and how this interaction affects their decision-making. The study employs descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate perceptions of social media's role in refugee returns, based on a purposive survey of 50 postgraduate students from Quaid-i-Azam University and the National Defence University who have studied Afghan refugees academically. According to research, social media is a crucial information source as well as a contested area where misinformation, diaspora advocacy, and trust-building all influence refugee decisions at the same time. The paper makes the case that understanding the informational ecosystems in which refugees function is crucial to creating more successful repatriation plans, guaranteeing safety, and reducing the dangers of false information.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saad Zakariya, Maira Hilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatiotemporal Speciation of Micronutrients in Organic Compost and Their Efficacy in Enhancing Triticum aestivum L. Yield
This study explored the impact of organic compost sourced from a three-month aerobic decomposition of poultry manure, farmyard manure, and green manure on soil health and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Organic additives, featuring an EC of 2.2 dSm⁻¹ and a pH of 7.5, were applied to the soil with a benchmark pH of 8.06 and EC of 0.58 dSm⁻¹ to examine their potential to enrich micronutrient retention and soil structure. By using the A-B DTPA methodology, soil extraction and wet digestion for plant tissue analysis, the experiment emphasized the speciation and bioavailability of micronutrients. The findings imply that the application of 15 tha⁻¹ (T4) yielded the most notable improvements, followed in order by the 10t ha⁻¹ (T3) dosage; specifically, post-harvest(production) soil analysis in T4 revealed micronutrient proportions of 2.7, 0.55, and 2.81 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, Zn, and Fe, respectively. This nutrient supplementation resulted in appreciable enhanced agronomic productivity, including a 40% increase in total wheat output, an 18% increase in spike size, and a 14.2% rise in fresh biomass yield. Furthermore, plant tissue analytical assessment confirmed the improved uptake in T4, with Cu, Zn, and Fe concentration level reached up to 18.6, 79.3, and 33.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Numan Latif, Muhammad Usama Rafiq, Syed Mufeed Hadi Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanity redefined: Insights from Chinese philosophy and culture
The paper, will discuss how Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism can provide the alternative concept of the meaning of being human in the perspectives of relational ethics, natural harmony, and compassion. In fact, Chinese school of philosophical traditions expound further on a perception of humankind elicited through ethics, natural harmony and compassionate interdependence. Confucianism is the school of thought founded by Confucius which proudly underlines the idea of *Ren ( 仁 ) or benevolence, thus, trying its utmost to focus on morality and positive relations as the ways of achieving true human beings. The philosophy of Daoism, established by Laozi and Zhuangzi, supports an elusive ideal of Laozi, the way of no, known as, the state of inaction, which is named as the way to be in conformity with Dao (道). It is an opposition to Confucianism which demands active morality training and the opposite image that the world is disease free nature with limited interruptions. Having a profound impact on Chinese thinking, Buddhism views the human being differently, wherein the significance of humanity is reevaluated in the view of compassion and interrelatedness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Ali Shah, Muhammad Zeeshan Naseer, Amir Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change as a security threat: theoretical dilemmas and the limits of climate (in)action in the Anthropocene
The rising recognition that environmental degradation is no longer just about ecology; we are now seeing resource scarcity, loss of biodiversity, and ecological decline as important security problems, not just at the level of nation-states but also at other levels of society. As a result, over time, the climate-security linkage has emerged onto the main international debates concerning climate change. The emergence of the Anthropocene has challenged many of the underlying assumptions we had about how to control or predict climate change. This paper considers this by viewing the environment as a security object and exploring how different theoretical lens will shape how we respond to climate change. The paper analyses climate security through the prism of international regime theory, hegemonic stability theory, and securitization theory — all of which highlight specific tensions within these theoretical perspectives. Although these theoretical frameworks give political weight and urgency to climate issues, they also have the potential to sideline underlying structural drivers of climate issues and to promote state-centrist responses to climate issues. Ironically, as a result of this, despite increased focus on climate issues, many of our existing mechanisms are not structured to adequately address the breadth and complexity of the climate crisis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hassan Awan, Dr. Salma Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physico-chemical dynamics and water quality assessment of drigh lake, Sindh, Pakistan
This study assesses the seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters and evaluates the water quality status of Drigh Lake to understand its ecological condition and eutrophication risk. Seasonal water samples were collected from multiple stations within the lake and its inlets, and key parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids were analyzed using standard field and laboratory methods. The results revealed pronounced seasonal variability across all parameters, with elevated temperatures, reduced dissolved oxygen, and lower transparency during summer months, indicating intensified biological activity and organic matter decomposition. Higher suspended solids and dissolved solids during periods of low water level highlighted the strong influence of agricultural runoff and evaporation-driven concentration effects. Although most parameters remained within national and international permissible limits, the observed trends reflect progressive nutrient enrichment and increasing eutrophication pressure. The findings demonstrate that watershed-driven inputs, combined with shallow lake morphology and seasonal hydrological fluctuations, are key drivers of water quality degradation in Drigh Lake.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneer Ahmed Abbasi, Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Rasool Abbasi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Women in leadership positions: A comparative study of PM Benazir Bhutto and CM Maryam Nawaz
Women comprise 49.6% of the world population. In Pakistan, women comprise 49.33% of the population. Becoming almost half of the population, women's role in the administration, economics, and politics is meager. In the political history of Pakistan, it has had only one female prime minister throughout its independence. In 77 years of Pakistan, for the first time in 2024 female chief minister of Punjab secured a seat. This paper explains the women's leadership in Pakistan. A comparative study of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and current serving chief minister Maryam Nawaz. The paper examines the hardships they both face, their leadership style, and their policies. The studies also analyze the similarities and differences of support systems behind each leader. The study reveals that both women as leaders perform very well Maryam Nawaz is currently serving and her policies and initiatives toward development are very reliable. Both women's styles are democratic, inclusive, and more responsible. The governance of Maryam Nawaz is more active in her province because of social media advancement as compared to Benazir Bhutto's time. Both pawed the path for women in all sectors of government and as Benazir is a landmark personality Maryam Nawaz also will be the most reliable women leader of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Saleem, Ali Hassan, Ali Hasnain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The TikTok Fitna: Moral panics, short-form video, and the contested public sphere in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the social media platform TikTok is in a paradoxical situation: it has become one of the most popular applications in the country and simultaneously the topic of frequent state bans. The paper claims that this recurring confrontation is not simply the issue of policing immoral content but a symptom of deeper societal conflict in the definition and control of the public sphere in the digital era. Based on the theory of moral panic by Stanley Cohen and counter-publics by Nancy Fraser, we examine the official state discourse supporting the idea of TikTok as a Fitna (a source of chaos or sedition). We argue that this platform is an effective, decentralized counter-public among the youth, rural citizens, and other groups often marginalized by Pakistan elite, state-controlled media. By critically analyzing various applications of the platform, including vernacular commerce and religious discourse, and considering the rise and fall of bans, this paper records the creation of a new, contentious space. We find that the TikTok battle is a main arena of the future of the Pakistani public sphere, where global platforms can radically reconfigure social and political communication at the grassroots, disrupting established patterns of state-centric cultural and informational control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Nawaz, Syed Abdul Siraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change and its socioeconomic impacts on Pakistan’s agriculture sector
The agriculture sector of Pakistan is the main stay of livelihood for the labor force; it contributes almost 23% of GDP, and it is highly important for climatic conditions. It is also important to notice in this paper that the rising of temperature, the shifting of patterns of heat waves, the filling and changing condition of glaciers in context to groundwater dynamics, and the impact on crop yields are positive. It is also important to notice the review of natural agriculture policy documentation and different reports on the observation of project risks and socio-economic paths and different dipositive conditions, which impact the agriculture sector differently. It also impacts rainfall conditions, irrigation of land, distribution of different segments of society, and different climatic options for improvement of agriculture and irrigation systems. It is also important that the policy recommendations to strengthen the agriculture sector are an important part of this paper or policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan.
Water Security and Climate -smart Agriculture
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali Panhyar, Dr. Inayatullah Magsi, Norang Chandio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Supreme Court of Pakistan as a federal court an analysis
An independent judiciary is an integral part of modern federations as it plays an important role in strengthening federal values. It protects minority rights; safeguards separation of powers within the federal structure and resolve disagreements between federation and the provinces, and between the provinces. Therefore, in most cases, contemporary federal constitutions assign these roles to superior courts. In this context, this study examines the role of the Supreme Court (SC) of Pakistan as a federal court, acting as a referee in disputes between the federation and the provinces, or among the provinces. This study presents an in-depth analysis of certain selected cases decided by the SC of Pakistan, aimed at safeguarding the federal character of the state. The findings offer a modest contribution to the field and serve as a valuable source for policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Malik Husnain Awan, Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanitarian response or human rights gap? A critical analysis of post-flood relief and resettlement in Khairpur Mirs
This study aims to critically examine the post-2022 flood relief and resettlement efforts in Khairpur Mirs, Sindh using the intersecting lens of humanitarian response and human rights. Climate induced disasters are increasingly recognized as global justice issues, the case of Khairpur reveals significant disparities between short term humanitarian interventions and long term-based recovery. Using the lens of climate justice theory and international legal frameworks such as ICESCR, UN guiding principles on international displacement and Sendai framework, this research aims to investigate if the fundamental rights to housing, health, food, education and participation were upheld in the aftermath of floods. The findings reveal a critical gap in governance, community inclusion and participation and legal accountability. Relief efforts and distribution was marred by political interference, gendered exclusions and limited engagement of the affected community. This article suggests a paradigm change in models of emergency relief models of disaster governance that focus on giving voice and rights to vulnerable populations. The case of Khairpur serves as indicator of the human cost of the lack of attention to the problem of climate change and as warning against underscoring the extreme necessity of integrating human rights into the process of disaster management and policy formulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Hussain Jamro, Shazia Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Local Government, Urban Community and Climate Resilience in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lahore
Climate change poses a significant threat to the livelihood and well-being of Pakistan's urban communities, particularly in Lahore. Rising temperatures and urban flooding have increased the intensity of the heat waves, and changes in the precipitation pattern are exacerbating urban flooding. This study assesses the vulnerability of urban communities in Lahore to climate change using qualitative research methods, and it includes 25 interviews. According to the results, local communities are highly vulnerable to climate-related challenges, with significant impacts on livelihoods, infrastructure, and socio-economic problems. The study identifies several key factors contributing to vulnerability, including poverty, lack of awareness, and limited economic diversification. The study highlights the importance of community-based adaptation strategies, including the use of traditional knowledge and practices, to enhance resilience to climate change. The need for urgent policy action to raise awareness and support climate resilience and adaptation measures in urban communities of Pakistan. The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working in the field of climate change adaptation and climate resilience. The study recommends the development of targeted adaptation programs that take into account the specific needs and vulnerabilities of urban communities in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Almera, Mohammad Muneeb Butt, Mehroz Tahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0