Evaluating frameworks used to define and structure sustainability indicators: A UNESCO-based perspective on indicator development
Keywords:
Unesco, Sustainability Indicators, Indicator Frameworks, Sustainable Development Goals, Participatory Governance, Adaptive ManagementAbstract
This literature review examines the frameworks and methodological approaches developed by UNESCO and its affiliated researchers to define and organize sustainability indicators. As sustainability challenges grow more complex, the need for indicators that are both measurable and context-sensitive has become increasingly important. UNESCO has played a significant role in translating global sustainability objectives into practical implementation at the local level. Drawing on 19 publications from 2007 to 2025, this review traces the evolution of UNESCO’s approaches to methodological development in sustainability indicators. It highlights major trends, ongoing debates, and gaps within the literature. The findings reveal a transition from standalone indicators toward more integrated, participatory, and SDG-aligned systems. Despite this progress, persistent challenges include balancing global comparability with local relevance, adequately capturing intangible cultural dimensions, and ensuring inclusive stakeholder engagement.
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