Air Pollution in Urban Pakistan: Understanding, Sources, Differences and Similarities of Pollution

Abstract

This study investigates the persistent air pollution issues in the urban centers of Pakistan, specifically Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad, examining the key sources, socio-environmental impacts, and mitigation strategies. It highlights the major contributors to pollution, such as vehicular emissions, industrial pollutants, and crop residue burning, with a particular focus on seasonal variations like winter smog. By utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study analyzes air quality data, health statistics, and policy effectiveness. Theoretical frameworks of Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT) and Political Ecology are applied to offer a comprehensive view of the problem, focusing on technological solutions, institutional reforms, and the socio-political dynamics of pollution. The findings underscore the need for region-specific mitigation measures, better enforcement of environmental regulations, and public awareness campaigns. This research contributes to understanding the similarities and differences in pollution across the three cities and proposes evidence-based approaches for improving air quality, including the adoption of electric vehicles, clean energy, and improved public transportation.