Smog diplomacy: Strengthening Pakistan-India cooperation for transboundary air pollution

Abstract

This research presents the concept of "Smog Diplomacy," addressing South Asia’s air pollution crisis and it demands a cooperative diplomatic approach between India and Pakistan, transcending longstanding political tensions.  Notably, cities in India and Pakistan, such as Lahore and New Delhi, consistently rank among the world's record polluted urban areas every year in November. While the primary sources of this pollution, including vehicular emissions, crop burning, industrial smoke, and rapid urbanization, are widely recognized, less attention has been paid to the geopolitical and environmental challenges that hinder effective cross border solutions. The major objective of this study is to analyse the issue of transboundary air pollution between India and Pakistan in context of smog diplomacy using the lens of green theory with a focus on developing effective strategies to mitigate the issue. This research adopts a qualitative research design using a case study approach to examine the emerging smog as form of environmental diplomacy.   By examining current pollution levels, environmental policies, and the geographical factors contributing to smog in border regions. This study advocates for joint collaboration on air quality initiatives and provides policy recommendations for sustainable, cooperative action. The findings suggest that while both countries face unique challenges, they share an urgent need to mitigate air pollution to protect public health, economic stability, and regional cooperation.